Self-Service Pump and Unattended Kiosk Saturation
#1As of 2024, self-service pumps account for over 95% of U.S. gasoline retail volume, with the remaining full-service holdouts concentrated in New Jersey (by law) and a small premium-service tier. AI-enhanced unattended kiosks now incorporate computer-vision skimmer detection (Gilbarco's Encore S pump series), remote video attendant fallback (Yatri, Attendant AI), and biometric age verification for tobacco and alcohol sold at forecourt kiosks — systematically dismantling the last functional arguments for maintaining a human attendant at the pump. European markets (Netherlands, Norway, UK) have operated at near-100% unattended for over a decade with no measurable safety degradation.